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Introducción a la Estadística

Código asignatura
GTURIS01-1-006
Curso
Primero
Temporalidad
Primer Semestre
Materia
Estadística
Carácter
Formación Básica
Créditos
6
Pertenece al itinerario Bilingüe
Yes
Actividades
  • Tutorías Grupales (4 Hours)
  • Prácticas de Aula/Semina (21 Hours)
  • Clases Expositivas (28 Hours)
Guía docente

DEGREE IN COMMERCE AND MARKETING

This course is part of the Basic Subject called Statistics within the Bachelor's Degree in Commerce and Marketing. Its character is clearly instrumental, so that concepts and techniques acquired with the course will be part of the usual language and tools needed in many other areas.

It deals with what is generally understood as Descriptive Statistics. It allows to understand and deal with concepts and tools so natural nowadays in society, not to mention in the economic and business fields, such as averages, proportions or indexes (including in particular the CPI), as well as the most common statistical graphs and tables, present in almost any report and argumentation in these fields, and which generally flood the media. It also deals with elementary forecasting techniques such as least-quadratic regression.

In fact, it also has an introductory character, as it opens the door to two other subjects with statistical contents in the degree, in which more elaborated techniques of specific application in the fields of Commerce and Marketing are presented. Firstly, the obligatory course on Commercial Statistics, where the fundamental techniques of Statistical Inference are developed, with applications to accounting, management, inspection and quality control, market studies, decision making and design of strategic policies. And secondly, the optional course of Statistical Techniques of Sampling and Data Analysis (compulsory for the Commercial Management minor), with a special emphasis on the study of surveys and data analysis derived from them. Some of the situations dealt with in the Introduction to Statistics will allow the student to get to know part of this potential.

Undoubtedly, the most important task is to make sure that the student does not end up understanding Statistics as a compendium of formulas, of which it is obviously full, identifying with difficulty the situations in which they "must" be applied. On the contrary, the aim is to show how most statistical techniques are based on very simple ideas, on "common sense" reasoning from which we can all start, and from which the formulas are only the final result of finer developments, and can be eliminated on many occasions. Only in this way will it be possible to make statistical reasoning our own and useful in the future.

DEGREE IN SOCIAL WORK

This course is included in the module I "Social work: concepts, methods, theory and application" of the Degree in Social Work; and specifically it is framed within Matter 4, called "Research, diagnosis and evaluation in Social Work", which also includes the subjects "Statistics", "Methods and techniques of social research" and "Practices I". Its character is clearly instrumental, so that the techniques and concepts acquired with the subject will be part of the usual language and tools needed in many subjects of the Degree; among them are, logically, those of Subject 4.

The very composition of Matter 4 suggests that this subject has an introductory character, since it opens the door to the subject "Statistics" in which more advanced techniques of specific application in the field of social work are presented, with special emphasis on the study of surveys and the analysis of data derived from them. Some of the situations dealt with in the Introduction to Statistics will allow the student to get to know part of this potential.

This course deals with what is generally understood as Descriptive Statistics. It allows to understand and deal with concepts and utilities so common in the field of social statistics such as statistical indicators, either in the form of averages, proportions or index numbers (including in particular the CPI), or as the most common statistical graphs and tables, present in almost any report and argumentation in the field of social work and that generally flood the media, or as the elementary techniques of prediction that arise from the minimum-quadratic regression.

The most important task with this subject is to ensure that Statistics is not understood as a compendium of formulas, where it is difficult to identify the situations in which they "must" be applied, but as a subject in which most of the concepts and techniques are based on very simple ideas, on "common sense" reasoning from which we can all start, and that the mathematical developments, being avoidable in many cases, should not be a burden that negatively predisposes the student to the subject.

DEGREE IN TOURISM

This course is included in the module "Quantitative Analysis Tools", within the Degree in Tourism; and specifically it is framed within Matter 1, called "Statistics". Its character is clearly instrumental, so that concepts and techniques acquired with the subject will be part of the usual language and tools needed in many other subjects.

It deals with what is generally understood as Descriptive Statistics. It allows to understand and deal with concepts and tools so natural nowadays in society, not to mention in the tourism field, such as statistical tables, averages, dispersion measures, statistical graphs and crosses of variables, present in almost any report and argumentation in these fields, and that in general flood the media. It also deals with elementary prediction techniques such as least-quadratic regression.

In fact, it also has an introductory character, as it opens the door to another subject with statistical contents in the degree, in which more elaborated techniques of specific application in the field of Tourism are presented. The compulsory subject is Statistical Indicators in Tourism, where the fundamental techniques of Statistical Inference are developed with applications to the obtaining of statistical indicators in tourism through surveys or through the information provided by ICTs. Some of the situations dealt with in the basic course on Introduction to Statistics will allow the student to get to know part of this potential.

Undoubtedly, the most important task is to ensure that statistics is not understood as a compendium of formulas, of which it is obviously full, identifying with difficulty the situations in which they "should" be applied. On the contrary, the aim is to show how most statistical techniques are based on very simple ideas, on "common sense" reasoning from which we can all start, and of which the formulas are only the final result of finer developments, and which we will dispense with as far as possible. Only in this way will we succeed in making statistical reasoning our own and useful in the future. We therefore banish mathematical proofs with a high theoretical component.

The objective pursued is twofold: to know how to analyze and interpret statistical data tables and to develop their capacity to criticize statistical information from any source.

The course does not contemplate the need for prerequisites. It is true that those who have studied Mathematics Applied to Social Sciences in high school will have already been in contact with some concepts and techniques that will be examined in greater depth here, but in any case, knowledge of any of them will not be assumed, since most of the students do not know them.

The mathematics required are elementary operations, and some mathematical difficulties faced by the student, such as statistical notation, are introduced in detail.

DEGREE IN COMMERCE AND MARKETING

The course will work on the following general competences that follow the recommendations of the European Network of Commerce Studies (REDCOM), and the White Book of the Degree in Economics and Business (2005), as well as various documents prepared by international networks, projects or entities:

  • CG1 Capacity for analysis and synthesis.
  • CG3 Learning capacity.
  • GC5 Ability to work and learn autonomously.
  • GC7 Openness to lifelong learning.
  • GC8 Problem solving.
  • GC14 Critical reasoning.

Likewise, and also following the recommendations of REDCOM, the following specific competences of the Degree in Commerce and Marketing will also be emphasized:

  • CE2 Knowing the main quantitative tools applicable to the social sciences.
  • CE8 To know and use mathematical and statistical concepts to formalize and analyze economic situations.

The learning outcomes in which the acquired competences are specified are the following:

  • RA04.1 To make and interpret statistical tables and graphical representations.
  • RA04.2 Know and know how to calculate the most common measures of location, dispersion and inequality, as well as identify situations in the socio-economic field where they are useful and apply them.
  • RA04.3 Know the types and degrees of relationship between two variables, as well as the most common coefficients.
  • RA04.4 Extract marginal and conditional information from the joint information of two variables.
  • RA04.5 Know and apply the techniques of minimum-quadratic regression and fit.
  • RA04.6 Analyze the trend and seasonality of a time series and make predictions.
  • RA04.7 Express by means of indexes the variations of numerical magnitudes and quantify the influence of simple magnitudes, as well as calculate the usual price, production and value indexes.
  • RA04.8 Know the meaning and procedure for calculating the CPI and the concepts of deflation and inflation, and apply them to real situations.
  • RA04.9 Analyze and interpret statistics from the media.

DEGREE IN SOCIAL WORK

The course will work on the following competences indicated in the verification report of the degree:

General competences

  • CG2 Analyze problem-situations, plan, develop, implement, review and evaluate the practice of social work with individuals, families, groups, organizations and communities and with other professionals.
  • CG6 Ability to demonstrate professional competence in the practice of social work.

Specific competences

  • CE10 Analyze and systematize the information provided by daily work as a support to review and improve professional strategies that must respond to emerging social situations.
  • CE22 Investigating, analyzing, evaluating and utilizing current knowledge of best practices in social work to review and update one's own knowledge on work frameworks.

Transversal competences

  • CT1   Capacity for analysis and synthesis.
  • CT2   Organization and planning skills.
  • CT3   Oral and written communication in the native language.
  • CT4   Ability to manage information
  • CT7   Decision making.
  • CT8   Teamwork.
  • CT10 Skills in interpersonal relationships.
  • CT13 Critical thinking.

The learning outcomes in which the acquired competences are specified are the following:

  • RA 1.51. To know how to make and interpret statistical tables and graphical representations.
  • RA 1.52. Know and know how to calculate the most common measures of position, dispersion and inequality, as well as know how to identify situations in the socio-economic field where they are useful and apply them.
  • AR 1.53. Know the types and degrees of relationship between two variables, as well as the most common coefficients.
  • AR 1.54. Know how to extract marginal and conditional information from the joint information of two variables.
  • AR 1.55. Know and know how to apply the fit and least-quadratic regression techniques.
  • AR 1.56. Know how to analyze the trend and seasonality of a time series and how to make predictions.
  • AR 1.57. Know how to express by means of indexes the variations of numerical magnitudes and quantify the influence of simple magnitudes, as well as how to calculate the usual price, production and value indexes.
  • AR 1.58. Know the meaning and procedure for calculating the CPI and the concepts of deflation and inflation and apply them to real situations.
  • AR 1.59. Develop analytical and critical skills in relation to statistics from the media.
  •  

DEGREE IN TOURISM

The course will work on the following general competencies that follow the recommendations of the White Book of the Degree in Tourism, as well as various documents prepared by international networks, projects or entities:

  • CG1 Capacity for analysis and synthesis.
  • GC3 Ability to learn.
  • CG5 Ability to work and learn autonomously.
  • GC8 Problem solving.
  • GC14 Critical reasoning.
  • CG23 Incorporating democratic values and a culture of peace in the workplace.
  • CG24 Incorporating principles of equal treatment and equal opportunities between men and women in the workplace.
  • CG25 Incorporating principles of equal opportunities and universal accessibility for people with disabilities in the workplace.

Likewise, and also following the recommendations of the White Paper of the Degree in Tourism, the following specific competence of the Degree in Tourism will also be emphasized:

  • CE2 Analyzing the economic aspects of tourism.
  • CE5 Convert a specific problem into a research objective and obtain conclusions.
  • CE23 Assessing the impacts of tourism.

The learning outcomes in which the acquired competences are specified are the following:

  • RA5.1 To know the role of Statistics in tourism research.
  • RA5.2 To understand the tables with statistical data.
  • RA5.3 To know, interpret and use adequately the average and dispersion measures, statistical graphs and crosses between two variables.
  • RA5.4 Know the fundamentals and uses of the CPI, and perceive its importance in tourism activity.
  • RA5.9 To know the sources of statistical information in the field of tourism and to know how to search through ICT.
  • RA5.11 To know how to analyze and interpret the statistical results obtained.
  • RA5.12 Be able to evaluate and question statistical information from any source.

The course presents the elementary techniques that make up Descriptive Statistics. Its main contents, grouped in thematic blocks, are:

TOPIC 1: ORGANIZATION OF STATISTICAL DATA.

Meaning of Statistics and importance in the field of Social Sciences. Population and sample. Types of characteristics: variables and attributes. Frequency distributions. Problems in elaborating tables. Most common graphical representations.

TOPIC 2: MEASUREMENTS IN A UNIDIMENSIONAL VARIABLE.

The need to summarize statistical information. Average measures. Most common averages.  Median and mode. Centiles and quartiles. The problem of the representativeness of a mean. Measures of absolute dispersion. Relative dispersion measures. Typification of variables. Measures of inequality.

TOPIC 3: TWO-DIMENSIONAL STATISTICAL VARIABLES.

Contingency tables and correlation tables. Scatter plots. Marginal and conditional distributions. Statistical dependence and independence. Types of relationship between two variables. Chi-square coefficient and contingency coefficients. Covariance and Pearson's linear correlation coefficient.

TOPIC 4: FIT AND REGRESSION.

Explanatory functions of the dependence between variables. Regression. Regression lines. The role of regression coefficients.  Measurement of goodness of fit. Time series. Components of a series. Trend and seasonality analysis. Seasonalization and forecasting.

TOPIC 5: STATISTICAL INDICATORS.

Indicator concept. Absolute indicators and relative indicators. Percentages, rates and index numbers. Types of index numbers. Fixed base indexes and chain indexes. Change of base. Price, quantity and value indexes. The CPI. Inflation and deflation. Nominal value and real/actual value.

In general, the methodology in the Bachelor's Degrees in Commerce and Marketing, Social Work and Tourism is configured around the following elements:

In the expository classes, by means of the master lecture model the teacher will introduce the most important ideas of each subject. Starting from an applied approach, on simple practical examples, first natural solutions will be sought, devoid in the first instance of mathematical language, and the need for more complex procedures will be seen, which will be outlined from them.

In the classroom practices, taking advantage of the smaller number of students, a more participative model will be used when dealing with the resolution of practical cases. Students will be encouraged to get involved in the effective resolution of the problems posed, and in particular the contribution of ideas and debate.

Group tutorials will follow a similar line to the latter, but focusing on the most common difficulties encountered by the student to acquire the competences.

In order to achieve the degree of participation indicated above, it is important that the student's personal work should be done in order to prepare the material on a ongoing basis. In fact, the methodology relies heavily on this point, as a fundamental pillar of success in the acquisition of competencies. Thus, as will be pointed out in the following section of the Guide, the continuous evaluation of the students plays an important role.

In the Degree in Commerce and Marketing, the lectures will work on the competences CG1, CG2, CG7, CG14, CE2 and CE8. The classroom practices and group tutorials will work on CG1, CG7, CG8, CG14, CE2 and CE8. The student's autonomous work will cover CG1 to CG14, CE2 and CE8.

In the Degree in Social Work, the lectures will work the competences CG2 and CG6. Classroom practices, group tutorials and the student's autonomous work will address CG6 and CE10.

In the Degree in Tourism, the lectures will work the competences CG1, CG3, CG8, CG14 and CE5. The classroom practices and group tutorials will work the CG1, CG3, CG8, CG14 and CE5. The student's autonomous work will focus on the CG1, CG5, CG8, CG14 and CE5.

The following table shows approximately the hourly distribution of face-to-face and self-study work in the course for the aforementioned degrees:

FACE-TO-FACE WORK

NON FACE-TO-FACE WORK

Topics

Total hours

Lecture class

Classroom practices

Group tutoring

Total

Autonomous work

Total

STATISTICAL DATA ORGANIZATION

21

4

3

1

8

13

13

ONE-VARIABLE MEASUREMENTS

47

8

7

1

16

31

31

TWO-DIMENSIONAL VARIABLES

24

5

3

1

9

15

15

FIT AND REGRESSION

24

5

3

1

9

15

15

STATISTICAL INDICATORS

34

6

5

11

23

23

Total

150

28

21

4

53

97

97

The following is a summary of face-to-face and autonomous work, according to its different modalities:

MODALITIES

HoURS

%

Totals

Face-to-face

Lecture classes

28

18,6%

53 (35,3%)

Classroom practices / Seminars / Workshops

21

14,0%

Group tutoring

4

2,7%

Non face-to-face

Autonomous work

97

97 (64,7%)

Total

150

The assessment of the course aims to evaluate the acquisition of the competences and learning outcomes planned and, except in the exceptional cases specified below, will be carried out through a system of continuous assessment and a final exam. The final grade will be a weighted average with a coefficient of 60% for the final exam and 40% for the continuous assessment.

In the extraordinary calls, the student may opt for the same system or to take an exam that will also assess the skills related to continuous assessment, and therefore will have a weight of 100%.

The continuous evaluation will be carried out according to different procedures. In Commerce and Marketing the competences CG1, CG8, CG14, CE2 and CE8 will be assessed, as well as the learning outcomes RA04.1 to RA04.9. In Social Work, competences CG2, CG6, CE10, CE22, CT1 a CT4, CT7, CT8, CT10 and CT13 will be assessed, as well as learning outcomes RA 1.51 to RA 1.59. In Tourism, competences CG1, CG3, CG5, CG8, CG14 and CE5 will be assessed, as well as learning outcomes RA5.1, RA5.2, RA5.3, RA5.4, RA5.9, RA5.11 and RA5.12.

In the classroom practices the student's participation will be taken into account, and tests with similar content to the practical assumptions treated in the course along the corresponding topic may be performed, up to a maximum of one test per topic. If the volume of students allows it, other types of activities that encompass different competences and learning outcomes may also be carried out, such as the elaboration of a statistical report, the evaluation of statistics in the media, or the performance of other more frequent short tests. The evaluation of the latter will represent a maximum of 1 point out of the 4 points of continuous evaluation.

The final exam will assess in Commerce and Marketing the competences CG1, CG8, CG14, CE2 and CE8, as well as the learning outcomes RA04.1 to RA04.8. In Social Work it will assess the competences CG2, CG6, CE10, CE22, CT1 a CT4, CT7 and CT13, as well as the learning outcomes RA 1.51 to RA 1.58. In Tourism it will assess the competences CG1, CG3, CG5, CG8, CG14 and CE5, as well as the learning outcomes RA5.1, RA5.2, RA5.3, RA5.4, RA5.9, RA5.11 and RA5.12. It will consist of the resolution of practical cases of similar content to those addressed in the subject.

Those students who are allowed by the Faculty to take the Differentiated Assessment will have to take a single test in the corresponding call, where the competences and learning outcomes related to the continuous assessment and the final exam previously indicated for each degree will be jointly assessed. The questions that will be raised will be similar to those discussed in the lectures and classroom practices, and that the student can find in the worksheets exposed on the Virtual Campus. However, in any case, it will be the Governing Commission or the corresponding Teaching Commission that will evaluate and resolve this mechanism after a report from the course coordinator.

Erasmus students who are unable to take part in the continuous assessment due to their absence abroad will be assessed using the same procedure as those students assessed through Differentiated Assessment.

When written tests are used, students must ensure that their ideas and reasoning are communicated effectively. For Commerce and Marketing, students must demonstrate the acquisition of CG1 and CG14 competencies; Social Work students must demonstrate the acquisition of CG2 and CG6; and Tourism students must demonstrate the acquisition of CG1 and CG14 competencies. In particular, students may be penalised for any linguistic and spelling errors.

In Commerce and Marketing, the basic bibliography of the course is made up of the following titles:

  • Anderson, D. R., Sweeney, D. J., Williams, T. A. (2005). “Statistics for Business and Economics”. South-Western Pub.
  • Levin, R. I. (1988). “Estadística para administradores”. Prentice-Hall.
  • Martín Pliego, F. J. (1994). "Introducción a la Estadística Económica y Empresarial". AC.
  • Martín Pliego, F. J., Martín Guzmán, M. P. (1989). “Curso práctico de Estadística Económica”. AC.
  • Montero Lorenzo, J. M. (2007). “Problemas resueltos de estadística descriptiva para Ciencias Sociales”. Paraninfo.
  • Pérez, R. (1993). "Análisis de datos económicos I. Métodos descriptivos". Pirámide.
  • Sirking, R. M. (2005). “Statistics for the Social Sciences”. SAGE Publications.
  • Uriel, E. y Muñiz, M. (1988). "Estadística económica y empresarial. Teoría y Ejercicios". AC.

In Social Work,

  • Baró Llinás, J. (1985): “Casos prácticos de Estadística Descriptiva”. Ed. Parramón.
  • Craft, J.L. (1990): “Statistics and Data Analysis for Social Workers”. F.E. Peacock Publishers.
  • Levin, R. I. (1997). “Estadística para administradores”. Ed. Prentice-Hall.
  • Levin, R. I. (1997): “Statistics for Management”. Ed. Prentice-Hall.
  • Martín Pliego, F. J. (1994). "Introducción a la Estadística Económica y Empresarial". Ed. AC.
  • Martín Pliego, F.J., Martín Guzmán. M.P. (1989): “Curso práctico de Estadística Económica”. Ed. AC.
  • Montcalm, D. (2002): “Data Analysis for Social Workers”. Ed. Pearson.
  • Montero Lorenzo, J.M. (2007): “Problemas resueltos de estadística descriptiva para ciencias sociales”. Ed. Paraninfo
  • Quesada, V., Isidoro, A., López, L.A. (1989): “Curso y ejercicios de Estadística”. Ed. Alhambra.
  • Tomeo, V., Uña, Y. (1997): “Doce lecciones de Estadística Descriptiva”. Ed. AC.

In Tourism,

  • Fernández Aguado, C. (1993). "Manual de Estadística Descriptiva aplicada al Sector Turístico". Ed. McGraw Hill.
  • Fernández Morales, A. y Lacomba Arias, B. (2000). "Estadística básica aplicada al sector turístico". Ed. Ágora.
  • Levin, R. I. (1988). “ Estadística para administradores”. Prentice-Hall.
  • Martín Pliego, F. J. (1994). "Introducción a la Estadística Económicay Empresarial". Ed. AC.
  • Parra, E., Calero, F. (2007). “Estadística para Turismo”. Ed. McGraw Hill.
  • Pérez, R. (1993). "Análisis de datos económicos I. Métodos descriptivos". Ed. Pirámide.
  • Raya Vílchez, J. M.. (2004). "Estadística aplicada al Turismo". Ed. Pearson.
  • Sirking. R. M. (2005). “Statistics for the Social Sciences”. SAGE Publications.