Microbiología
- Prácticas de Laboratorio (15 Hours)
- Prácticas de Aula/Semina (7 Hours)
- Clases Expositivas (35 Hours)
- Tutorías Grupales (1 Hours)
Context:
The course of Microbiology is imparted in the 2nd year of the Degree in Dentistry. Knowledge of oral microorganisms is essential to understand the cause of oral infections and to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases in dental practice.
At the end of the course the student is expected to have acquired theoretical knowledge and professional skills which are summarized in the following teaching objectives:
TEACHING OBJECTIVES:
A) KNOWLEDGE:
To know the global ecological importance of microorganisms and their relationships with the rest of living beings.
To know the characteristics related to the morphology, physiology and genetics of microorganisms, particularly those that colonize the human species.
To know the host-parasite relationships established in different body habitats, especially in the oral cavity.
To know the function of the immune system referred to the microbiota and its importance in infectious etiopathogenesis.
To know the current advances on infectious etiology and nosogeny.
To know the main species involved in oral infections and others of general medical interest.
To know the importance and repercussion of oral infections at systemic level.
To know the methodology used in microbiological diagnosis.
To know the microbiological fundamentals of the origin of cross-infection in dentistry.
B) HABITS:
Ability to perform microbiological sampling necessary for the diagnosis of oral infections.
Experience in the correct handling and treatment of contaminated materials and instruments to avoid the transmission of infections in dentistry, as well as in other general methods of asepsis.
Essential application of sterilization and disinfection cycles in the dental clinic.
C) SKILLS
Ability to design and organize the daily professional activity using asepsis methods that avoid cross-infection in the dental office.
Ability to relate oral lesions with the systemic infections that originate them.
Ability to organize a plan to follow in case of accidents with risk of transmission of infections in the dental office.
1. GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
- Microorganisms and biological evolution: Cellular organization of eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Bacterial diversity and Woese's phylogenetic tree. Bacterial taxonomy. Historical evolution of microbiology.
- Bacterial morphology and structure: Surface structures: cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall. Internal structures: bacterial nucleoid and ribosomes. External structures: capsule, flagella, fimbriae. Spores.
- Bacterial genetics: structure and replication of the bacterial chromosome. Extrachromosomal elements: plasmids, transposons and insertion sequences. Genetic mutation and selective pressure. Mechanisms of genetic transmission: conjugation, transformation and transduction. Medical importance of bacterial genetic exchange.
- Bacterial metabolism and nutrition. Bacterial trophic types. Biosynthesis and nutritional requirements. Respiratory and fermentative metabolism. Culture media. Bacterial culture techniques. Kinetics of bacterial growth.
- General mycology. General characteristics of fungi. Morphological and structural characteristics. Physiology. Notions of fungal taxonomy. Multiplication and propagation of fungi. Conditions for fungi cultivation.
- General virology. Morphology and structure of viruses. Nomenclature and classification of viruses. Viral replication. Viroids and prions. Virus culture techniques. Viral pathogenesis.
- Sterilization, disinfection and antisepsis. Methods of elimination of microorganisms. Sterilization cycle of instruments. Classification of disinfectants. Mode of action of disinfectants. Cycle of instrument disinfection. Antiseptics: general and oral antiseptics.
- Antimicrobials. Concept of selective toxicity. Antibiotics, antivirals and antifungals: Generalities and classification. Mechanisms of action. Antimicrobial sensitivity tests. Multiresistance and rational use of antibiotics.
- Microbiological techniques for the diagnosis of infections. Sample collection. Transport of oral microbiological samples. Observation of microorganisms: types and applications of microscopy. Staining. Bacterial identification techniques: Multitest systems and genetic identification techniques. Immunodiagnostic tests. Microbiological diagnosis of oral infections caused by fungi and viruses.
HOST-PARASITE RELATIONSHIPS. IMMUNOLOGY
- Host-parasite relationship. Types of relationship. Human microbiota. Colonization and infection. Pathogenic microorganisms. Pathogenicity and virulence. Koch's postulates. Socransky's criteria.
- Evolution of antimicrobial defensive mechanisms. Physical-chemical barriers. Innate immunity. The immune system: cellular and humoral components. Specific immune response. The secretory immune system. Defensive components in the oral cavity.
BACTERIOLOGY
- Gram positive cocci I. Micrococcaceae family: G. Staphylococcus. General characteristics. Pathogenic action. The genera Stomatococcus and Microcococcus. Other non-Micrococcoccaceae: G. Gemella. G. Micromonas.
- Gram-positive cocci II and Gram-negative cocci. G. Streptococcus: morphological, antigenic and hemolytic characteristics. Classification criteria. Microbiological diagnosis. Streptococcus mutans group: Pathogenic action. Virulence factors. Other oral groups: S. salivarius, S. milleri and S. oralis. Oral Gram-negative cocci: G. Veillonella.
- Gram positive bacilli. G. Actinomyces. G. Propionibacterium. G. Lactobacillus. Metabolic characteristics. Oral colonization. G. Corynebacterium. G. Rothia. Gram positive anaerobic bacilli: G. Bifidobacterium. G. Eubacterium. G. Clostridium.
- Gram negative bacilli. G. Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus). A. actinomycetemcomitans: pathogenic action and virulence factors. Laboratory diagnosis. G. Haemophilus: Generalities and classification. Microbiological diagnosis. G. Eikenella. Other genera of interest: G. Capnocytophaga. G. Campylobacter.
- Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli. G. Bacteroides. G. Tannerella. G. Fusobacterium. G. Porphyromonas. G. Prevotella. G. Mitsuokella. G. Leptotrichia. Metabolic characteristics and bacterial classification. Pathogenic action. Motile bacilli: G. Selenomonas.
- Other bacterial species of medical interest: G. Treponema. General characteristics. Pathogenic action. Laboratory diagnosis. Enterobacteriaceae. G. Pseudomonas. G. Bordetella. G. Helicobacter. G. Brucella. G. Legionella.
- Acid-fast bacteria. Mycobacterium genus. Pathogenic action and clinical manifestations. Importance of microbiological diagnosis of tuberculosis. Notions of epidemiology and prophylaxis. Anti-tuberculosis vaccine. Other mycobacteria.
VIROLOGY
- Herpesvirus infections. General characteristics and classification. Routes of transmission. Herpetic gingivostomatitis. Coxsackie virus and Enterovirus: herpangina, hand, foot and mouth disease.
- Hepatitis viruses. Serological diagnosis. Epidemiology. Human immunodeficiency virus. Other viruses of interest: Paramyxovirus. Influenzavirus. Mumps virus. Rubivirus. Papillomavirus. Vaccines.
MYCOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY
- Fungi of interest in Dentistry. Oral mycoses caused by opportunistic fungi: G. Candida. Pathogenesis of candidiasis. Oral clinical manifestations. Diagnosis and treatment. Oral manifestations caused by systemic mycoses. Potentially pathogenic environmental fungi: G. Aspergillus.
- General Parasitology. Concept and classification. Most relevant parasitic diseases. Diagnosis: sample collection and preparative processing, direct examination and staining. Notions of epidemiology and prevention. Parasites of the oral cavity: Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax.
MICROBIOLOGY OF ORAL INFECTIONS
- The oral cavity as a habitat for microorganisms. Acquisition and composition of the oral microbiota. Factors affecting the growth of microorganisms in the oral cavity. Oral bacterial ecosystems. Dysbiosis and polymicrobial infection.
- Microbiology of dental bacterial plaque. Concept of bacterial biofilm. Microbial composition of dental plaque. Supragingival plaque: stages. Subgingival plaque. Other types of dental plaque. Biochemical processes in dental plaque: Stephan's curve.
- Microbiology of dental caries. Microbial theories of cariogenesis. Stages of the cariogenic process. Species associated with dental caries. Predisposing factors. Epidemiology. Prevention of dental caries. Snyder's test and Alban's test.
- Microbiology of periodontal diseases. Classification of gingivo-periodontal diseases. Etiology of periodontitis. Microbial factors: subgingival plaque and dysbiosis. Clinical forms of periodontitis. Vincent's angina. Microbiological diagnosis of periodontitis. Microbiology of perimplantitis.
- Microbiology of endodontic infections. Inflammatory reactions of the dental pulp. Etiopathogenesis of vital pulp and necrotic pulp infections. Pathways of infection. Apical periodontitis and periapical abscess.
- Bacterial infections of odontogenic origin. Concept of focal infection. Intracranial, retropharyngeal and pleuropulmonary infections. Ludwig's angina. Dissemination routes. Endocarditis. General precautions and antibiotic prophylaxis of bacteremia originating in the oral cavity. Other infections: actinomycosis.
- Prevention of cross infection in Dentistry: Risk of infection. Types of infection transmission: Concept of cross infection. Universal precautions. Protective barriers. Handling of sharp instruments. Processing of potentially infectious waste. Vaccination programs in health professionals.
1. GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
- Microorganisms and biological evolution: Cellular organization of eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Bacterial diversity and Woese's phylogenetic tree. Bacterial taxonomy. Historical evolution of microbiology.
- Bacterial morphology and structure: Surface structures: cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall. Internal structures: bacterial nucleoid and ribosomes. External structures: capsule, flagella, fimbriae. Spores.
- Bacterial genetics: structure and replication of the bacterial chromosome. Extrachromosomal elements: plasmids, transposons and insertion sequences. Genetic mutation and selective pressure. Mechanisms of genetic transmission: conjugation, transformation and transduction. Medical importance of bacterial genetic exchange.
- Bacterial metabolism and nutrition. Bacterial trophic types. Biosynthesis and nutritional requirements. Respiratory and fermentative metabolism. Culture media. Bacterial culture techniques. Kinetics of bacterial growth.
- General mycology. General characteristics of fungi. Morphological and structural characteristics. Physiology. Notions of fungal taxonomy. Multiplication and propagation of fungi. Conditions for fungi cultivation.
- General virology. Morphology and structure of viruses. Nomenclature and classification of viruses. Viral replication. Viroids and prions. Virus culture techniques. Viral pathogenesis.
- Sterilization, disinfection and antisepsis. Methods of elimination of microorganisms. Sterilization cycle of instruments. Classification of disinfectants. Mode of action of disinfectants. Cycle of instrument disinfection. Antiseptics: general and oral antiseptics.
- Antimicrobials. Concept of selective toxicity. Antibiotics, antivirals and antifungals: Generalities and classification. Mechanisms of action. Antimicrobial sensitivity tests. Multiresistance and rational use of antibiotics.
- Microbiological techniques for the diagnosis of infections. Sample collection. Transport of oral microbiological samples. Observation of microorganisms: types and applications of microscopy. Staining. Bacterial identification techniques: Multitest systems and genetic identification techniques. Immunodiagnostic tests. Microbiological diagnosis of oral infections caused by fungi and viruses.
HOST-PARASITE RELATIONSHIPS. IMMUNOLOGY
- Host-parasite relationship. Types of relationship. Human microbiota. Colonization and infection. Pathogenic microorganisms. Pathogenicity and virulence. Koch's postulates. Socransky's criteria.
- Evolution of antimicrobial defensive mechanisms. Physical-chemical barriers. Innate immunity. The immune system: cellular and humoral components. Specific immune response. The secretory immune system. Defensive components in the oral cavity.
BACTERIOLOGY
- Gram positive cocci I. Micrococcaceae family: G. Staphylococcus. General characteristics. Pathogenic action. The genera Stomatococcus and Microcococcus. Other non-Micrococcoccaceae: G. Gemella. G. Micromonas.
- Gram-positive cocci II and Gram-negative cocci. G. Streptococcus: morphological, antigenic and hemolytic characteristics. Classification criteria. Microbiological diagnosis. Streptococcus mutans group: Pathogenic action. Virulence factors. Other oral groups: S. salivarius, S. milleri and S. oralis. Oral Gram-negative cocci: G. Veillonella.
- Gram positive bacilli. G. Actinomyces. G. Propionibacterium. G. Lactobacillus. Metabolic characteristics. Oral colonization. G. Corynebacterium. G. Rothia. Gram positive anaerobic bacilli: G. Bifidobacterium. G. Eubacterium. G. Clostridium.
- Gram negative bacilli. G. Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus). A. actinomycetemcomitans: pathogenic action and virulence factors. Laboratory diagnosis. G. Haemophilus: Generalities and classification. Microbiological diagnosis. G. Eikenella. Other genera of interest: G. Capnocytophaga. G. Campylobacter.
- Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli. G. Bacteroides. G. Tannerella. G. Fusobacterium. G. Porphyromonas. G. Prevotella. G. Mitsuokella. G. Leptotrichia. Metabolic characteristics and bacterial classification. Pathogenic action. Motile bacilli: G. Selenomonas.
- Other bacterial species of medical interest: G. Treponema. General characteristics. Pathogenic action. Laboratory diagnosis. Enterobacteriaceae. G. Pseudomonas. G. Bordetella. G. Helicobacter. G. Brucella. G. Legionella.
- Acid-fast bacteria. Mycobacterium genus. Pathogenic action and clinical manifestations. Importance of microbiological diagnosis of tuberculosis. Notions of epidemiology and prophylaxis. Anti-tuberculosis vaccine. Other mycobacteria.
VIROLOGY
- Herpesvirus infections. General characteristics and classification. Routes of transmission. Herpetic gingivostomatitis. Coxsackie virus and Enterovirus: herpangina, hand, foot and mouth disease.
- Hepatitis viruses. Serological diagnosis. Epidemiology. Human immunodeficiency virus. Other viruses of interest: Paramyxovirus. Influenzavirus. Mumps virus. Rubivirus. Papillomavirus. Vaccines.
MYCOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY
- Fungi of interest in Dentistry. Oral mycoses caused by opportunistic fungi: G. Candida. Pathogenesis of candidiasis. Oral clinical manifestations. Diagnosis and treatment. Oral manifestations caused by systemic mycoses. Potentially pathogenic environmental fungi: G. Aspergillus.
- General Parasitology. Concept and classification. Most relevant parasitic diseases. Diagnosis: sample collection and preparative processing, direct examination and staining. Notions of epidemiology and prevention. Parasites of the oral cavity: Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax.
MICROBIOLOGY OF ORAL INFECTIONS
- The oral cavity as a habitat for microorganisms. Acquisition and composition of the oral microbiota. Factors affecting the growth of microorganisms in the oral cavity. Oral bacterial ecosystems. Dysbiosis and polymicrobial infection.
- Microbiology of dental bacterial plaque. Concept of bacterial biofilm. Microbial composition of dental plaque. Supragingival plaque: stages. Subgingival plaque. Other types of dental plaque. Biochemical processes in dental plaque: Stephan's curve.
- Microbiology of dental caries. Microbial theories of cariogenesis. Stages of the cariogenic process. Species associated with dental caries. Predisposing factors. Epidemiology. Prevention of dental caries. Snyder's test and Alban's test.
- Microbiology of periodontal diseases. Classification of gingivo-periodontal diseases. Etiology of periodontitis. Microbial factors: subgingival plaque and dysbiosis. Clinical forms of periodontitis. Vincent's angina. Microbiological diagnosis of periodontitis. Microbiology of perimplantitis.
- Microbiology of endodontic infections. Inflammatory reactions of the dental pulp. Etiopathogenesis of vital pulp and necrotic pulp infections. Pathways of infection. Apical periodontitis and periapical abscess.
- Bacterial infections of odontogenic origin. Concept of focal infection. Intracranial, retropharyngeal and pleuropulmonary infections. Ludwig's angina. Dissemination routes. Endocarditis. General precautions and antibiotic prophylaxis of bacteremia originating in the oral cavity. Other infections: actinomycosis.
- Prevention of cross infection in Dentistry: Risk of infection. Types of infection transmission: Concept of cross infection. Universal precautions. Protective barriers. Handling of sharp instruments. Processing of potentially infectious waste. Vaccination programs in health professionals.
Assessment of Student Learning:
Final exam with multiple choice questions
Evaluation of practical work
Practical exam prior to the theoretical exam if the compulsory internships have not been completed.
Continuous evaluation (lectures and seminars)
Resources, Bibliography and Complementary Information:
Oral Microbiology Laboratory Website - http://www.microral.com
Recommended Books
Oral Microbiology. 2002. José Liébana Ureña. 2nd edition. Editorial MacGraw-Hill-Interamericana
Stomatological microbiology. Fundamentals and practical guide. 2009. M. Negroni. 2nd ed. Editorial Médica Panamericana
Oral microbiology. 2011. P.D. Marsh and M.V. Martin. 5th ed. Editorial AMOLCA.
Tutorials
The professor Fernando Fierro can be contacted:
Oral Microbiology Laboratory (School of Stomatology). Timetable: 9:00-13:30.
E-mail: jffierro@uniovi.es
Phone: 985-103643